back box

ἀνέλκω,

A draw up, τάλαντα.. ἀνέλκει holds them up (in weighing), 1l.12.434; ἀνελκύσαι ναῦς haul them up high and dry, Hdt.7.59, Th. 6.44;

νῆες ἀνελκυσμέναι Hdt.9.98

;

δοκοὺς ἀ. Th.2.76

; haul up a sail, Epicr.10.

2 drag up, drag out,

ἀνελκύσαι εἰς τὸ φῶς Ar. Pax 307

; κᾷτ' ἀνελκύσας ἐρωτᾷ having dragged him into open court, Id.Ach. 687; τὰ παιδάρι' εὐδὺς ἀνέλκει drags them into the witness-box, Id.V. 568: —[voice] Med., ἀνέλκεσθαι τρίχας tear one's own hair, Il.22.77:—[voice] Pass.,

κύνα χερσὶν ἀνελκομενον D.P.790

.

II draw back, ὁ δὲ τόξου πῆχυν ἄνελκεν (in act to shoot) Il.11.375, cf. Od.21.128:—[voice] Med., ἔγχος ἀνελκόμενον drawing back his spear [out of the corpse], ib.22.97;

τόξον ἀνέλκεται τοξευτής Arat.305

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] pf. part.

ἀνειλκυσμένος Procl.Hyp.7.39

.

πύργος, ὁ,

A tower, esp. such as were attached to the walls of a city, Il.7.219, al., Hes.Sc. 242, Hdt.3.74, al., Th.2.17, al., Plb.5.99.9, etc.: in pl., city walls or ramparts with their towers, Il.7.338, 437; in sg.,

ἧντ' ἐπὶ πύργῳ 3.153

, cf. 22.447;

πόλιος ἣν πέρι πύργος ὑψηλός Od.6.262

;

πέριξ δὲ πύργος εἶχ' ἔτι πτόλιν E.Hec. 1209

;

πύργους ἐπὶ τῶν γεφυρῶν ἐπιστῆσαι Pl.Criti. 116a

.

b movable tower for storming towns, X.Cyr.6.1.53, 6.2.18;

π. ὑπότροχοι Onos. 42.3

.

c tower on the back of war-elephants, Arr.Tact.2.4.

d Ζανὸς π., Pythag. name for the central fire of the universe, Arist. Fr. 204.

2 metaph., tower of defence, τοῖος.. σφιν π. ἀπώλεο, of Ajax, Od.11.556;

ἄνδρες πόλιος π. ἀρεύϊος Alc.Supp.1a

.10;

παῖς ἄρσην πατέρ' ἔχει π. μέγαν E.Alc. 311

, cf. Med. 390;

ἅπας μοι π. Ἑλλήνων πατρίς Trag.Adesp.392

; θανάτων δ' ἐμᾷ χώρᾳ π. ἀνέστα a tower of defence from deaths, S.OT 1201 (lyr.).

3 the part of a house (prob. a separate building) in which the women lived and worked,

αἱ ἄλλαι θεράπαιναι ἐν τῷ π. ἦσαν, οὗπερ διαιτῶνται D.47.56

; esp. if unmarried, as Hero in her tower, Musae.32, 187, cf. Philostr.Jun.Im.1; of the workman's hut of Timon the misanthrope (which also became his tomb, cf. Luc.Tim.42), Paus.1.30.4, cf. AP 7.402 (Antip.); outbuildings, esp. if used in industry, LXX Is.5.2, Mi.4.8, PStrassb.110.6 (iii B.C.), BGU1194.9 (ii B.C.), 650.8 (i A.D.), POxy.243.15 (i A.D.), Ev.Marc.12.1, Ev.Luc.14.28, PGiss.67.16 (ii A.D.), IG22.2776.65 (ii A.D.);

π. ἐν ᾧ βαφεῖον καὶ ἕτερα χρηστήρια PLond.2.371.3

(i A.D.).

II part of an army drawn up in close order, column, Il.4.334, 347.

2 at Teos, a division of the people, CIG3064,3081, al.

III dice-box, AP9.482.24 (Agath.); cf. Lat. pyrgus.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `buffet' (Epich. 1 as name of a παιδοτρίβης, H., EM; Lat. LW [loanword] colap(h)us (Plaut.).

Other forms: κόλαφος κόνδυλος H.

Derivatives: κολαφίζω `beat with the fist, box on the ear' (NT, Sammelb. 6263, 23); Κολαφίδιον Att. woman's name, s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 86 w. n. 3).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Lowly word, which for that reason provides great difficulties for the explanation. If cognate with κολάπτω, which is certainly possible, it will be a backformation, and not its basis; on the formation cf. κρόταφος a. o. (Chantraine Formation 264). Diff. Krogmann KZ 67, 224 n. 1: to κολοφών a. o.; not convincing. Also not to Skt. kalaha- `sight', s. Mayrhofer KEWA s. v. Older attempts in Bq. - Lat. colap(h)us (s. Ernout Rev. de phil. 77, 155f.) found in Vulgar Latin and in the Romance languages a wide spread ( colpus, Ital. colpo, Fr. coup etc.; also Goth. kaupatjan `κολαφίζειν'?) and came back to Greek from there (s. Fraenkel l. c.). - By far the simplest solution is that κόλαφος was the basis of κολάπτω, which is quite possible, in spite of DELG. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek. κόλαφος can hardly be derived from κολάπτω (Chantr. Form. is of no help).

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διαθήκη, ης, ἡ (Democr., Aristoph.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol, TestAbr, Test12Patr; ParJer 6:21; ApcEsdr, ApcMos; AssMos Fgm. a; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14) apart from the simplex θήκη ‘case, chest’, for the mng. of this word one must begin with the mid. form of the verb διατίθεμαι, which is freq. used in legal and commercial discourse of disposition of things (s. L-S-J-M s.v. διατιθημι B), w. implication of promissory obligation. Disposition of one’s personal effects would naturally come under testamentary law, hence

① last will and testament (so exclusively in Hellenistic times, Eger [s. 3 below] 99 note; exx. e.g. in Riggenbach 292ff; Behm 10, 1; 2; Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr; loanw. in rabb.) Hb 9:16f; δ. κεκυρωμένη a will that has been ratified Gal 3:15; cp. 17, where δ. shades into mng. 2 (s. κυρόω 1, προκυρόω); s. also EBammel, below, and JSwetnam, CBQ 27, ’65, 373–90. On Jewish perspective s. RKatzoff, An Interpretation of PYadin 19—A Jewish Gift after Death: ProcXXCongPap 562–65.

② As a transl. of בְּרִית in LXX δ. retains the component of legal disposition of personal goods while omitting that of the anticipated death of a testator. A Hellenistic reader would experience no confusion, for it was a foregone conclusion that gods were immortal. Hence a δ. decreed by God cannot require the death of the testator to make it operative. Nevertheless, another essential characteristic of a testament is retained, namely that it is the declaration of one person’s initiative, not the result of an agreement betw. two parties, like a compact or a contract. This is beyond doubt one of the main reasons why the LXX rendered בְּרִית by δ. In the ‘covenants’ of God, it was God alone who set the conditions; hence covenant (s. OED s.v. ‘covenant’ sb. 7) can be used to trans. δ. only when this is kept in mind. So δ. acquires a mng. in LXX which cannot be paralleled w. certainty in extra-Biblical sources, namely ‘decree’, ‘declaration of purpose’, ‘set of regulations’, etc. Our lit., which is very strongly influenced by LXX in this area, seems as a rule to have understood the word in these senses (JHughes, NovT 21, ’79, 27–96 [also Hb 9:16–20; Gal 3:15–17]). God has issued a declaration of his purpose Ro 11:27 (Is 59:21); 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:37); 35:7 (Ps 49:16), which God bears in mind (cp. Ps 104:8f; 105:45 al.) Lk 1:72; it goes back to ancestral days Ac 3:25 (PsSol 9:10; ParJer 6:21). God also issued an ordinance (of circumcision) 7:8 (cp. Gen 17:10ff). Since God’s holy will was set forth on more than one occasion (Gen 6:18; 9:9ff; 15:18; 17:2ff; Ex 19:5 and oft.), one may speak of διαθῆκαι decrees, assurances (cp. διαθῆκαι πατέρων Wsd 18:22; 2 Macc 8:15.—But the pl. is also used for a single testament: Diog. L. 4, 44; 5, 16. In quoting or referring to Theophr. sometimes the sing. [Diog. L. 5, 52; 56] is used, sometimes the pl. [5, 51; 57]) Ro 9:4; Eph 2:12. Much emphasis is laid on the δ. καινή, mentioned as early as Jer 38:31, which God planned for future disposition (Hb 8:8–10; 10:16). God’s decree or covenant directed toward the Christians is a καινὴ δ. (δ. δευτέρα Orig., C. Cels. 2, 75) Lk 22:20; 1 Cor 11:25; 2 Cor 3:6; Hb 8:8; 9:15a; PtK 2 p. 15, 5, or δ. νέα Hb 12:24; PtK 2 p. 15, 6 which, as a δ. αἰώνιος (cp. Jer 39:40; En 99:2) Hb 13:20, far excels 7:22; 8:6 the παλαιὰ δ. 2 Cor 3:14, or πρώτη δ. Hb 9:15b, with which it is contrasted. Both are mentioned (Did., Gen. 46, 4; 235, 26) Gal 4:24; B 4:6ff (Ex 34:28; 31:18; Just., D. 67, 9). Blood was shed when the old covenant was proclaimed at Sinai Hb 9:20 (Ex 24:8); the same is true of the new covenant Hb 10:29. τὸ αἷμά μου τ. διαθήκης Mt 26:28; Mk 14:24 (ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht², ’63, 122–29) is prob. to be understood in connection w. this blood (s. WWrede, ZNW 1, 1900, 69–74; TRobinson, My Blood of the Covenant: KMarti Festschr. 1925, 232–37; for a critique of this view s. GWalther, Jesus, D. Passalamm des Neuen Bundes, ’50, 22–27 and JJeremias TLZ, ’51, 547. For Syriac background JEmerton, JTS 13, ’62, 111–17; s. also ÉDelebrecque, Études grecques sur l’vangile de Luc ’76, 109–21).—The v.l. Lk 22:29 may be derived from Jer 39:40 or Is 55:3 LXX (for the cognate acc. s. Aristoph., Aves 440).—δ. may also be transl. decree in the Ep. of Barnabas (4:6ff; 6:19; 9:6; 13:1, 6; 14:1ff δ. δοῦναί τινι); but the freq. occurrence of the idea of inheritance (6:19; 13:1, 6; 14:4f), makes it likely that the ‘decree’ is to be thought of as part of a will.

③ The mng. compact, contract seems firmly established for Gr-Rom. times (FNorton, A Lexicographical and Historical Study of Διαθήκη, Chicago 1908, 31ff; EBruck, D. Schenkung auf d. Todesfall im griech. u. röm. Recht I 1909, 115ff; JWackernagel, D. Kultur d. Gegenw. I 8² 1907, 309). It remains doubtful whether this mng. has influenced our lit. here and there (exc. quite prob. Lk 22:29 v.l. with its administrative tenor; the phrase διατίθεμαι δ. as Aristoph., Av. 440 of a treaty agreement), but the usage of the term δ. in such sense would again serve as a bridge to LXX usage.—The expr. ἡ κιβωτὸς τ. διαθήκης covenant chest i.e. the sacred box (Eng. ‘ark’ as loanw. from Lat. arca) that symbolized God’s pledge of presence w. Israel (Ex 31:7; 39:14 al.) Hb 9:4; Rv 11:19 or αἱ πλάκες τ. διαθ. (Ex 34:28; Dt 9:9, 11) Hb 9:4 would have required some acquaintance with Israelite tradition on the part of ancient readers.—ERiggenbach, D. Begriff d. Διαθήκη im Hb: Theol. Stud. f. TZahn 1908, 289ff, Hb² 1922, 205ff al.; ACarr, Covenant or Testament?: Exp. 7th ser., 7, 1909, 347ff; JBehm, D. Begriff D. im NT 1912; ELohmeyer, Diatheke 1913; WFerguson, Legal Terms Common to the Macedonian Inscr. and the NT, 1913, 42–46 (testamentary exhibits); HKennedy, Exp. 8th ser., 10, 1915, 385ff; GVos, Hebrews, the Epistle of the Diatheke: PTR 13, 1915, 587–632; 14, 1916, 1–61; OEger, ZNW 18, 1918, 84–108; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 496–505; LdaFonseca, Διαθήκη foedus an testamentum?: Biblica 8, 1927; 9, 1928; EBammel, Gottes διαθήκη (Gal 3:15–17) u. d. jüd. Rechtsdenken, NTS 6, ’60, 313–19; NDow, A Select Bibliography on the Concept of Covenant, Austin Seminary Bulletin 78, 6, ’63; CRoetzel, Biblica 51, ’70, 377–90 (Ro 9:4); DMcCarthy, Berit and Covenant (Deut.), ’72, 65–85; EChristiansen, The Covenant in Judaism and Paul ’95.—DELG s.v. θήκη. M-M. TW. Sv.